Oil, Inequality, and Resistance in Nigeria: The Case of the Ijo People of the Niger Delta Region

Abstract

Abstract Oil exploration in Nigeria dates back to the early 20th century, with the Niger Delta emerging as the epicentre of petroleum production. Despite its vast contributions to Nigeria’s economy, the region continues to grapple with environmental degradation, socio-economic marginalisation, and rising conflicts linked to resource control. This study examines the historical evolution of oil exploration in Nigeria, focusing on its impact on the Ijo people, one of the most affected ethnic groups in the oil-producing areas. The objective is to assess how oil exploitation has influenced economic development, governance policies, and local resistance movements in the Niger Delta. Using a qualitative research approach, this study relies on oral interviews, historical accounts, government policies, and existing literature to trace the trajectory of oil production, illegal oil bunkering, and the state's responses. Findings reveal that while oil has significantly boosted Nigeria’s GDP and facilitated infrastructural development in some areas, the Ijo communities remain largely underdeveloped, facing high fuel costs, poor transportation networks, and environmental pollution. Moreover, the study highlights how economic exclusion and inadequate government intervention have fuelled illegal oil bunkering and artisanal refining (kpo-fire), despite military crackdowns and regulatory frameworks. The paper concludes that the persistent neglect of oil-producing communities has exacerbated economic inequality and security challenges in Nigeria. Addressing these issues requires a more inclusive governance structure, equitable resource distribution, and sustainable development policies tailored to the needs of the Niger Delta region. The study is significant in informing policy discussions on oil governance, economic justice, and conflict resolution in resource-rich but marginalised communities. Keywords: Oil exploration, Niger Delta, Ijo communities, illegal bunkering, resource governance.